Urethane or silicone as sealant? We use urethane for suction points, control joints and any other places that we want to be sealed permanently. We use 100% silicone for sump covers and any other locations where future access may be required. 100% silicone is easily pulled off a Lexan sump pit cover. It comes off like a big rubber band. If you're trying to unseal a sump lid sealed with urethane, you'd better have another cover with you, and do it before the children get home from school!
I believe the manufacturers data stated their urethane "bonds tenaciously to most substrates". I'm here to confirm that. I had a home back in the late 1980's that I had covered the basement access opening to a cross vented crawlspace. I used the "radon barrier" membrane that was black on one side and white on the other. It had a ton and a half of tensile strength per square inch. I sealed it as part of some waterproofing work because the owner complained about a musty smell coming from the crawlspace. I cut a piece of the membrane several inches bigger then the opening, caulk around the opening, and pressed the membrane flat onto the wall. Several years l later they were selling and I was called back to install a radon system. In order to install a membrane on the dirt crawlspace floor, I had to remove the seal. The urethane actually pulled the face of the concrete block off where it was attached.
I would expect both products to be impermeable to anything that doesn't degrade it. As far as fumes, I like the solvent glue the best!